The Nature and Transformability of Human Beings: Reconsidering Various Ruist and Protestant Viewpoints

What will first be addressed are the stereotypes that are often considered the standard accounts of Ruist (“Confucian”) and Protestant viewpoints on the nature of human beings. Then, by reflecting on those stereotypes, I will reconsider their claims in the light of the degrees of transformability of human beings, and deal especially with the differences between becoming a sage and becoming a saint (both of which in Chinese is referred to as 成聖). On the basis of this alternative position, I will then consider some alternative positions that are also adopted by Xunzi 荀子, Zhu Xi 朱熹, and James Legge 理雅各. By this means I will seek to indicate where some important differences remain, but also where some conceptual bridges for creating Ruified Christian and Christianized Ruist contemporary alternatives related to the nature and transformability of human being might be construed.